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Penetration & Shielding [1]
Penetration and shielding are two underlying principles in determining the physical and chemical properties of elements. We can predict basic properties of elements by using shielding and penetration characteristics to assess basic trends.
The electrons are attracted to the nucleus at the same time as electrons repel each other. The balance between attractive and repulsive forces results in shielding
The ability of an electron to get close to the nucleus is penetration.. Coulomb’s Law (an analogy with classical physics) can be used to describe the attraction and repulsion between atomic particles:
Answered: Which electron in sulfur is most… [2]
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Which electron in sulfur is most shielded from nuclear charge?. d) none of the above (All of these electrons are equally shielded from nuclear charge.)
Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.. Atom A has valence electrons that are lower in energy than the valence electrons of Atom B
Choose the electron configurations that are possible from among the following. a 1s22s12p6 b 1s22s22p8 c 1s22s22p63s23p63d7 d 1s22s32p63s13d9
Chem 170 Chapter 8 Flashcards by Brendan Jackson [3]
According to Coulomb’s law if the separation between two particles of the same charge is doubled, what happens to the potential energy of the two particles?. It is one half as high as it was before the separation
1s^2 | 2s^2 | 2p^6 | 3s^2 | 3p^6 | 4s^2 | 3d^10 | 4p^4. Which set of quantum numbers corresponds to an electron in the “4p” orbital?
This is the class formula, wtf!? atomic radius Zeff = Z(atomic #) – S(core electrons) Zeff = 9(Z) – 2 Zeff = 7. also another trend is, atomic radius increases as you move down and left on the periodic table
[Solved] . First and Last name: Show your work for calculation problems…. [4]
First and Last name: Show your work for calculation problems….. First and Last name: Show your work for calculation problems….
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1.1.2: Effective Nuclear Charge [5]
The ideal gas law is easy to remember and apply in solving problems, as long as you get the proper values a. According to Coulomb’s law, the attraction of an electron to a nucleus depends only on three factors: the charge of the nucleus (+Z), the charge of the electron (-1), and the distance between the two ((r))
It also works for hydrogen-like atoms: any nucleus with exactly one electron (a He+ ion, for example, has one electron). However, Coulomb’s law is insufficient for predicting the energies of electrons in multi-electron atoms and ions.
Each electron in a multi-electron atom experiences both attraction to the nucleus and repulsion from interactions with other electrons. The presence of multiple electrons decreases the nuclear attraction to some extent
Poor shielding of the nuclear charge by d or f-orbital electrons is responsible for which of the following facts? (A) Atomic radius of [text{Nb}] (4-1 series) is comparable to that of [text{Ta}] [6]
Poor shielding of the nuclear charge by d or f-orbital electrons is responsible for which of the following facts?. (A) Atomic radius of [text{Nb}] (4-1 series) is comparable to that of [text{Ta}] (5-1 series)
(C) The value of electron gain enthalpy is more negative for sulphur than for oxygen.. (D) The ionization energy for gold is greater than that of silver.
The s has the highest shielding power followed by the p orbital, d, and then f, d orbital cannot shield the nucleus effectively due to its shape, and therefore the last electrons are very easy to knock out. The elements are always in a state to attain a stable electronic configuration: ${{text{d}}^{text{0}}}text{ , }{{text{d}}^{text{5}}}text{ , }{{text{d}}^{text{10}}}$.
Chapter 3 – Atomic Structure and Properties [7]
IntroductionThe nuclear atom and quantum theory are the accepted theories for the atom. In this chapter, we demonstrate their utility by using them to explain trends in atomic properties.
In this section, we identify the electrons that are most important in determining atomic properties.. •2.7 Electron Configurations (Write electron configurations for atoms.)
•Write valence electron configurations of main group atoms.. •View the video in this window by selecting the play button.
Effective Nuclear Charge [8]
The effective nuclear charge is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom.. Electrons in an atom can shield each other from the pull of the nucleus
The more electron shells there are, the greater the shielding effect experienced by the outermost electrons.. The magnitude of the shielding effect is difficult to calculate precisely
The effective nuclear charge (often symbolized as Zeff or Z*) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom.. The effective nuclear charge on an electron is given by the following equation:
Which element has a greater second electron affinity, sulfur or oxygen? [9]
I found a question asking the above which states that sulfur has a lesser second electron affinity than oxygen. But since the inter-electronic repulsion in sulfur is lesser, shouldn’t it be willing to take up another electron more easily than an oxygen ion with a -1 charge?
The larger $n=3$ orbitals are further from the nucleus and hence experience a weaker attraction to the nucleus and are much higher in energy. This dependence with quantum number scales approximately $Esim – n^{-2}$ so is very important [1].
A common first order approximation for the effective nuclear charge is given by Slater’s rules [2]. Combining these two approximations we can calculate very approximate orbital energies.
Sources
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Quantum_Mechanics/10%3A_Multi-electron_Atoms/Multi-Electron_Atoms/Penetration_and_Shielding#:~:text=2s%20shields%20the%20atom%20better,orbitals%2C%20which%20extend%20farther%20out.
- https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/which-electron-in-sulfur-is-most-shielded-from-nuclear-charge-a-an-electron-in-the-1s-orbital-b-an-e/9ce8b39d-27e7-4636-b307-433604187212
- https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/chem-170-chapter-8-6617106/packs/10446556
- https://www.cliffsnotes.com/tutors-problems/Chemistry/46437948–First-and-Last-name-Show-your-work-for-calculation-problems/
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Saint_Marys_College_Notre_Dame_IN/CHEM_342%3A_Bio-inorganic_Chemistry/Readings/Week_1%3A_Analysis_of_Periodic_Trends/1.1%3A_Concepts_and_principles_that_explain_periodic_trends/1.1.2%3A_Effective_Nuclear_Charge
- https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/poor-shielding-of-the-nuclear-charge-by-d-or-class-11-chemistry-jee-main-5f833c1dd998131f750c1768
- https://www.webassign.net/question_assets/wertzcams3/ch_3/manual.html
- https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/electronic-structure/effective-nuclear-charge
- https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/34596/which-element-has-a-greater-second-electron-affinity-sulfur-or-oxygen
