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16 which order of insects was one of the earliest insect ‘weapons’ used to inflict pain? Tutorial
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Bugs of War: How Insects Have Been Weaponized Throughout History [1]
For thousands of years, military strategists have used insects as weapons of war—not only to inflict debilitating pain on enemies, but also to deliver deadly pathogens and destroy agriculture, with the intent of causing widespread misery, sickness and hunger.. Delivering disease via insect vectors has been wickedly effective
The Japanese military also developed plans to spread plague-carrying fleas over San Diego in 1945, but never followed through.. In 1989, domestic bioterrorists told authorities they were breeding and releasing medflies in California—and the eco-radicals would continue doing so until the government halted insecticide spraying
But for millennia, six-legged soldiers have been most consistently deployed to torment and disperse enemies. From Old Testament accounts (“I sent the hornet before you, which drove them out…”—Joshua 24:12) to the Vietnam War and beyond, insects have been effectively weaponized
Entomological warfare [2]
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Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to interrupt supply lines by damaging crops, or to directly harm enemy combatants and civilian populations. There have been several programs which have attempted to institute this methodology; however, there has been limited application of entomological warfare against military or civilian targets, Japan being the only state known to have verifiably implemented the method against another state, namely the Chinese during World War II
Research into EW was conducted during both World War II and the Cold War by numerous states such as the Soviet Union, United States, Germany and Canada. There have also been suggestions that it could be implemented by non-state actors in a form of bioterrorism
EW is a specific type of biological warfare (BW)[1] that uses insects in a direct attack or as vectors to deliver a biological agent, such as plague or cholera. Essentially, EW exists in three varieties.[2] One type of EW involves infecting insects with a pathogen and then dispersing the insects over target areas.[3] The insects then act as a vector, infecting any person or animal they might bite
Insects as Biological Weapons – Insects, Disease, and Histroy [3]
The following is based on the notes for a seminar presented by R.K.D. Peterson in 1990 at the University of Nebraska.The information is from several published primary and secondary sources listed at the end of this article.
The definition is from the 1972 biological weapons convention. The definition for a BW agent is fairly straightforward:
This definition includes all living BW agents, including insects, as well as toxins produced from these agents (e.g., the botulinum toxin).. The recorded allegations and instances of BW before 1800 do not involve insects.However, it is important to discuss some of these records to understand the full spectrum of BW.
Insects took off when they evolved wings [4]
Now buzzing and whizzing around every continent, insects were mysteriously scarce in the fossil record until 325 million years ago – when they first took flight and, according to a new study, evolutionarily took off.. The evolution of wings not only allowed ancient insects to become the first creatures on Earth to take to the skies, but also propelled their rise to become one of nature’s great success stories, according to a new study.
But according to the fossil record, they were scarce before about 325 million years ago, outnumbered by their arthropod cousins the arachnids (spiders, scorpions and mites) and myriapods (centipedes and millipedes).. The oldest confirmed insect fossil is that of a wingless, silverfish-like creature that lived about 385 million years ago
“There’s been quite a bit of mystery around how insects first arose, because for many millions of years you had nothing, and then just all of a sudden an explosion of insects,” said study first author Sandra Schachat, a graduate student at Stanford’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences (Stanford Earth).. Many ideas have been proposed to explain this curious lacuna in the insect fossil record, which scientists have dubbed the Hexapod Gap.
Facts and figures [5]
1) Over one million species of insects have been discovered and described but it is estimated that there may be as many as 10 million species on earth.. 2) There are approximately 1.4 billion insects for every person on Earth
3) It takes bees about 10 million nectar-collecting trips to make one pound of honey. 4) The only insect indigenous to Antarctica is the wingless midge, Belgica antarctica
6) Insects can be found in almost every habitat, from mountain ranges covered in snow to sthe hottest deserts on the planet.. 7) Insects have been around for more than 350 million years, longer than the dinosaurs and flowering plants.
The Surprising History Of Insects In Warfare [6]
A pest infestation in or near our home can have devastating effects on our health, comfort, and security. In some ways, we might even feel like we are under attack
Thus, it should come as no surprise that insects have been intentionally utilized as biological weapons in actual warfare from practically the beginning of time. Yes, it’s true! People have used bugs as weapons against other people throughout the ages, and very effectively, too.
Insects like bees, wasps, hornets, scorpions, and their nests were literally hurled at enemies to invoke fear and inflict pain, torment, injury, and emotional stress.. Bugs carrying dangerous pathogens such as plague, cholera, typhoid, yellow fever, and much more were spread in targeted areas to cause illness and death through zoonotic infection.
Insects of war, terror and torture [7]
Whether natural or intentional, the security threats posed by arthropods — from assassin bugs to disease-carrying pests — should be of concern to us all, explains Kenneth J. Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War
The success or failure of military campaigns has frequently been determined by correctly anticipating the risks of diseases borne by insects and other vectors, and then mitigating against them. Recognizing this, the world’s armed forces employ a large cadre of scientists with expertise in entomology or preventive medicine.
Entomologist Jeffrey Lockwood describes how stinging and highly toxic insects and other arthropods have been used to cause pain and suffering to foes — from the use of bees and hornets by early humans to attack enemies, to the assassin bugs used by an Uzbek emir for torture in the early 1800s.. It is often difficult to determine whether an insect-borne threat is a natural occurrence or an intentional act
Entomological warfare [8]
Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to interrupt supply lines by damaging crops, or to directly harm enemy combatants and civilian populations. There have been several programs which have attempted to institute this methodology; however, there has been limited application of entomological warfare against military or civilian targets, Japan being the only state known to have verifiably implemented the method against another state, namely the Chinese during World War II
Research into EW was conducted during both World War II and the Cold War by numerous states such as the Soviet Union, United States, Germany and Canada. There have also been suggestions that it could be implemented by non-state actors in a form of bioterrorism
EW is a specific type of biological warfare (BW)[1] that uses insects in a direct attack or as vectors to deliver a biological agent, such as plague or cholera. Essentially, EW exists in three varieties.[2] One type of EW involves infecting insects with a pathogen and then dispersing the insects over target areas.[3] The insects then act as a vector, infecting any person or animal they might bite
Insects As Tools Of Torture [9]
The ancient Persians were perhaps the earliest people to use insects as torture devices. The gruesome practice of subjecting a condemned man to “the boats” was given the technical term scaphism (based on the Greek skaphe, from which we get the word “skiff,” meaning a small, flat-bottomed boat).1 The victim was initially force-fed milk and honey to induce severe diarrhea
Wasps attracted to the honey delivered excruciating stings, but the coup de grâce came with the insects drawn to the feces accumulating in the boat. Flies would breed in the filth and then begin laying eggs in the victim’s anus and increasingly gangrenous flesh
Other Asiatic cultures employed insects for torture without such elaborate preparation. Centuries ago, Siberian tribes simply tied a condemned prisoner to a tree and let nature take its course
Do bugs feel pain? [10]
Entomologists estimate there to be around a quintillion individual insects on the planet–and that’s just insects. Bugs are everywhere, but how much do we really know about them? Jeff Lockwood to the rescue! Professor Lockwood is answering all your bug questions–one at a time, that is
Do bugs feel pain? Like, how does the exoskeleton work?. But then it’s hard to know what any organism experiences
At least other people can tell us what they feel (even if we can’t be certain that their experience is the same as ours), but we can’t even ask insects. However, we can have three rather compelling lines of evidence that our six-legged brethren feel pain.
Insects as weapons of war, terror, and torture [11]
For thousands of years insects have been incorporated into human conflict, with the goals of inflicting pain, destroying food, and transmitting pathogens. Early methods used insects as “found” weapons, functioning as tactical arms (e.g., hurled nests) or in strategic habitats (e.g., mosquito-infested swamps)
The two most sophisticated programs were those of the Japanese in World War II with plague-infected fleas and cholera-coated flies and of the Americans during the Cold War with yellow fever-infected mosquitoes. With continued advances, defenses in the form of insecticides and vaccines meant that insects were no longer considered as battlefield weapons
Plague: a review of its history and potential as a biological weapon.Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. History of biological warfare and bioterrorism.Clin Microbiol Infect
Insects as Biological Weapons [12]
Received: 22-Apr-2017 / Accepted Date: 26-Jul-2017 / Published Date: 31-Jul-2017 DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000156. This study was conducted at University of Gujrat during 2017 to 2018 as a term paper for Master of Philosophy
Use of entomological weapons is a wide field of research. Insects were used as biological weapons from ancient times and this concept is very old
Insects can be used as biological weapons against crops, animals and human beings. Insects may be used as direct pests against crop or they may be used as vectors to spread diseases in animals and human beings
The Sting of Defeat: A Brief History of Insects in Warfare [13]
The Sting of Defeat: A Brief History of Insects in Warfare. Humans have waged entomological warfare, the use of insects and other arthropods as part of wartime tactics, in myriad ways for thousands of years
This brief review is not meant to make light of this serious subject but rather to encourage reflection on sometimes regrettable actions of the past and inspire hope for positive humanitarian applications of entomology in the present and the future.. Entomological warfare (EW) has manifested through human history in three main forms: insects directly used as weapons, insects used to destroy crops, and insects used as vectors to inflict disease
During the Second Parthian War, King Barsamia used scorpion-stuffed pots thrown at the enemy to defend the ancient Middle Eastern city of Hatra from the Romans. It’s possible that these literal bug bombs also contained rove beetles in the genus Paederus
INSECT BASED BIOTERRORISM: AN OVERVIEW [14]
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2008), Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, toxins or other harmful agents to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants.. Prevention (2008), Bioterrorism is the deliberate release
cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants.. • The use of insects as weapons of war, tools of terrorism, and
assaults to the calculated tactics of modern, asymmetric conflicts.. • The earliest use of insects was in the Upper Paleolithic period
The Honey Bee Apis mellifera: An Insect at the Interface between Human and Ecosystem Health [15]
The Honey Bee Apis mellifera: An Insect at the Interface between Human and Ecosystem Health. Regulating Services: The Conservation of Plant Biodiversity and Enhancement of Crop Production
Honey Bees and Bee Products to Safeguard Ecosystems from Pollution. – Very limited purchase costs and maintenance—beekeeping is an easy and low-cost activity, which provides a potentially unlimited supply of bioindicators in many environments;
– Reliable samplers of pollutants, as the bees can fly for more than 3 km around a barycentre (the hive), exploring flowers, vegetation, water, and air for a maximum of three weeks.. – Simultaneous collection of a wide range of pollutants during the foraging behaviour;
Bee and Wasp Stings Management Guidelines–UC IPM [16]
Nearly everyone has been stung by an insect at one time or another. It’s an unpleasant experience that people hope not to repeat, but for most people the damage inflicted is only temporary pain
Although this publication is about stings from bees and wasps, the information pertains to stings from fire ants as well.. Stinging insects are limited to the order Hymenoptera, which includes wasps, bees, and ants
Most hymenopterans live solitary lives, and their behavior is more likely to be flight than fight. Social hymenopterans—including yellowjackets, honey bees, bumble bees, and fire ants—have individuals in the colony whose task it is to defend the nest
Sources
- https://www.history.com/news/insects-warfare-beehives-scorpion-bombs
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomological_warfare#:~:text=Early%20history,-Entomological%20warfare%20is&text=According%20to%20Jeffrey%20Lockwood%2C%20author,out%20and%20into%20the%20open.
- https://www.montana.edu/historybug/insects-as-bioweapons.html#:~:text=The%20American%20Civil%20War%20marked,South%20because%20of%20this%20pest.
- https://earth.stanford.edu/news/insects-took-when-they-evolved-wings#:~:text=The%20oldest%20confirmed%20insect%20fossil,that%20insect%20fossils%20become%20abundant.
- https://www.royensoc.co.uk/understanding-insects/facts-and-figures/#:~:text=8)%20The%20largest%20known%20order,have%20been%20described%20to%20date.
- https://www.ateasepest.com/the-surprising-history-of-insects-in-warfare
- https://www.nature.com/articles/456036a
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomological_warfare
- https://www.insectomania.org/biological-weapons/insects-as-tools-of-torture.html
- https://blog.oup.com/2011/11/bug-pain/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21910635/
- https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/insects-as-biological-weapons-2157-2526-1000156.php?aid=93122
- http://entomologytoday.org/2018/07/13/sting-defeat-brief-history-insects-entomological-warfare/
- https://www.slideshare.net/Jayantyadav94/insect-based-bioterrorism-an-overview
- https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/2/233
- https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7449.html
