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Official bilingualism in Canada [1]
The official languages of Canada are English and French,[1] which “have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada,” according to Canada’s constitution.[2] “Official bilingualism” is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies, constitutional provisions, and laws that ensure legal equality of English and French in the Parliament and courts of Canada, protect the linguistic rights of English- and French-speaking minorities in different provinces, and ensure a level of government services in both languages across Canada.[3]. In addition to the symbolic designation of English and French as official languages, official bilingualism is generally understood to include any law or other measure that:
– encourages or mandates lower tiers of government (most notably the provinces and territories, but also some municipalities) to conduct themselves in both official languages and to provide services in both English and French rather than in just one or the other;. – places obligations on private actors in Canadian society to provide access to goods or services in both official languages (such as the requirement that food products be labelled in both English and French);
This includes grants and contributions to groups representing the English-speaking minority in Quebec and the French-speaking minorities in the other provinces to assist with the establishment of an infrastructure of cultural supports and services.. At the provincial level, the Constitution Act, 1982 recognizes and guarantees the equal status of French and English in New Brunswick
The Canadian Encyclopedia [2]
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Bilingualism is the ability to speak fluently in two languages. In Canada, the term has taken on a more particular meaning: the ability to communicate, or the practice of communicating, in both of Canada’s official languages, English and French
See also Canadian English; French Language; Indigenous Languages of Canada.. Bilingualism has been formalized in Canada’s federal language policy in an attempt by government to respond to a difficult social question: to what extent is it possible to make legal and practical accommodations that will allow the two official language communities to preserve their cultural distinctiveness and at the same time pursue common goals? Institutional bilingualism refers to the capacity of state institutions to operate in two languages and should not be confused with a requirement that everyone be bilingual.
The idea that English- and French-speaking communities should not only coexist but should complement each other was central to the founding of the Canadian federation. The Constitution Act of 1867 (formerly known as the British North America Act) established English and French as legislative and judicial languages in federal and Quebec institutions
Bilingual Definition & Meaning [3]
able to speak two languages with the facility of a native speaker.. spoken, written, or containing similar information in two different languages: a bilingual dictionary; Public notices at the embassy are bilingual.
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. For example, children who grew up in a bilingual household may be able to pay attention to and process more of the world around them, allowing them to notice changes in their environment more quickly.Learning a second language early might have ripple effects throughout your life | Rahul Rao | February 9, 2021 | Popular-Science
The clerk, who is bilingual, also reads the comments written in Spanish.Chula Vista Police Chief Says She Didn’t Know Department Shared Data With Feds | Gustavo Solis | January 20, 2021 | Voice of San Diego. La Prensa, a bilingual newspaper, reported last month on the Urban Area Working Group’s existence, estimating that it had divvied up hundreds of millions of dollars since its formation in 2008.Council Unknowingly OK’d Surveillance Gear for Secretive Police Group | Jesse Marx | January 13, 2021 | Voice of San Diego
Official Languages [4]
As Canada’s only officially bilingual city, Moncton is committed to advancing the bilingual experience. The City has a policy on official languages that includes providing its services in both English and French
The Canadian Encyclopedia [5]
Bilingualism is the ability to speak fluently in two languages. In Canada, the term has taken on a more particular meaning: the ability to communicate, or the practice of communicating, in both of Canada’s official languages, English and French
See also Canadian English; French Language; Indigenous Languages of Canada.. Bilingualism has been formalized in Canada’s federal language policy in an attempt by government to respond to a difficult social question: to what extent is it possible to make legal and practical accommodations that will allow the two official language communities to preserve their cultural distinctiveness and at the same time pursue common goals? Institutional bilingualism refers to the capacity of state institutions to operate in two languages and should not be confused with a requirement that everyone be bilingual.
The idea that English- and French-speaking communities should not only coexist but should complement each other was central to the founding of the Canadian federation. The Constitution Act of 1867 (formerly known as the British North America Act) established English and French as legislative and judicial languages in federal and Quebec institutions
Why is Canada a Bilingual Country? [6]
Canada has two official languages: French and English. Canada’s two colonizing peoples are the French and the British
The French spoke French, practiced Catholicism, and had their own legal system (civil law). The British spoke English, practiced Protestantism, and followed a common law system.
The French existed in the Maritimes (modern-day Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island) and Québec.. However, the British took over all French colonies in the Maritimes and Québec through different wars, including the Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) and the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Canadian Museum of History [7]
Events in Quebec had an impact on language across the country. The concept of a French Canada extending from sea to sea disappeared, as French speakers in Quebec and the rest of Canada pursued separate paths
Official bilingualism in 1969 helped ensure the provision of federal government services in both official languages throughout the country. In 1982, the new Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms enshrined the right of official-language minorities to instruction in their language, long a controversial matter.
Many English-speaking Canadians embraced the bilingual ideal, but others opposed it, accusing authorities of “forcing them to read French on their cereal boxes.”. The Acadian community comprises francophones living in the Maritime provinces, and especially New Brunswick, where about 230,000 people — one-third of the population — list French as their mother tongue
Is bilingualism doomed? [8]
Bilingualism – as enshrined in the Official Languages Act of 1969 and subsequently (for education) in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms of 1982 – was, and remains, a noble endeavour, giving English and French equal legal status and ensuring all Canadians the right to education in their native tongue. Together, they embodied the dream of a nation in which both languages would be respected and understood (at least by a growing educated minority.) But that dream is dying
What went wrong and with what might that admirable dream be replaced?. The answer to the first part of my question is no mystery
Below what threshold does functional bilingualism as a federal obligation cease to be sustainable? Outside Quebec (the ROC or Rest of Canada), the numbers have fallen below a point difficult to reconcile with full bilingualism – mother-tongue francophones are only 3.2 per cent (down from 3.5 per cent in 2016) and less than two per cent for those who still maintain French in the home. With the exception of holdouts in Eastern and Northern Ontario, and Acadia, French in the ROC has little day-to-day relevance
The territorial concept of official bilingualism; A cheaper alternative for Canada? [9]
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.. A year ago the Canadian Prime Minister said that Canada was bankrupt
Of all the countries in the OECD, Canada’s combined federal, provincial and municipal deficit is the fourth highest; its combined deficit as a proportion of G.N.P. To control government expenditure growth, programs have been curtailed and surviving programs are expected to be “cost effective”
Canada is used as illustration, but expenditure restraint is common to most governments and the anaIysis should be relevant elsewhere. The inclusion of economics does not negate political or sociological factors that may be more important in language planning, however, economic variables have been overlooked in theoretical analyses of language planning and this is a modest attempt to rectify that omission
Section 16 and 16.1 – Official Languages of Canada [10]
16.(1) English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada.. (2) English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the legislature and government of New Brunswick.
English and French linguistic communities in New Brunswick. 16.1(1) The English linguistic community and the French linguistic community in New Brunswick have equality of status and equal rights and privileges, including the right to such distinct educational and cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation and promotion of those communities.
(2) The role of the legislature and government of New Brunswick to preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges referred to subsection (1) is affirmed.. Subsection 16(1) is repeated in virtually identical terms in paragraph 2(a) of the federal Official Languages Act (1988)
Full steam ahead for official bilingualism: Government of Canada tables overhaul of official languages regulations [11]
Amendments to Canada’s framework for protecting the environment. On June 13, 2023, Bill S-5, Strengthening Environmental Protection for a Healthier Canada Act, received royal assent.
As discussed in our April 2018 publication, this regulatory overhaul stems from commitments made in the 2018 federal budget plan to improve access to services offered in the language of the official minority by federal institutions from coast to coast. As part of this endeavour, the government has set out to rethink the circumstances whereby a demand for services in either official language is deemed “significant” and thus mandatory under the authority of the Official Languages Act (OLA)
In its amendments to the Regulations, the government has proposed a more inclusive method for determining the numeric value of each official language group, i.e., the number of persons belong to each official language community in a given region. To that end, the government’s new definition would seek to include immigrants and bilingual family members who use an official language at home, thus broadening the analysis that currently measures numbers based on the official language first spoken at home
The Daily — While English and French are still the main languages spoken in Canada, the country’s linguistic diversity continues to grow [12]
While English and French are still the main languages spoken in Canada, the country’s linguistic diversity continues to grow. Despite the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on arrivals to the country, immigration has continued to enrich Canada’s linguistic diversity.
More than 9 in 10 Canadians speak one of the two official languages at home at least on a regular basis.. The 2021 Census also found that 4.6 million Canadians speak predominantly a language other than English or French at home (in other words, they speak this language most often at home, without speaking other languages equally often; see the box “Languages known and spoken: Understanding the concepts”)
By comparison, the proportion was 7.7% in 1991, when immigration levels were rising.. In addition, one in four Canadians in 2021—or 9 million people—had a mother tongue other than English or French
The official languages in Canada: federal policy (93-8E) [13]
Agreements on Delivery by the Provinces and Territories of Services. National Strategy for the Implementation of Sections 41 and 42
A Critical Look at Recent Developments in the Official Languages. Task Force on the Impact of Government Changes on Official Languages
languages policy has been linked to the preservation of Canadian unity.. The enshrinement of language rights in the Constitution in 1982 opened
The Saturday Debate: Is it time to loosen the requirements for bilingualism in the federal government? [14]
“The English common law, French civil law and Indigenous legal orders collectively comprise Canada’s constitutional democracy. Mandating bilingualism in French and English in our federal legal and political institutions, including the Supreme Court of Canada, will greatly undermine the recognition, advancement and implementation of Indigenous legal orders, contrary to our Constitution.,” writes Drew Lafond
Graham Fraser, however, argues that, “bilingualism in the federal government and on the Supreme Court is not a matter of symbolism or political correctness. “Canada’s language policy is designed to protect the unilingual; to ensure that citizens do not have to learn another official language to communicate with the government.”
Canada embraces the diversity of its citizens through its laws, policies and political institutions.. One of the foundational principles upon which this country was founded finds expression in the federal Official Languages Act, namely, that “English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada.”
Is bilingualism in peril in Canada? [15]
Welcome to the Big Thinking podcast, where we talk to leading researchers about their work on some of the most important and interesting questions of our time.. Gabriel Miller, President and CEO of the Federation, is our host.
Professor Larocque holds UOttawa’s Research Chair in Language Rights and Issues, which is the very first research chair in Canada dedicated to the study of minority language rights and the development of the standards that govern them, focusing on constitutional protection of French.. Thank you to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) for making this podcast possible.
[00:00:00] Gabriel Miller: Welcome to the Big Thinking Podcast, where we talk to leading scholars about the most important and interesting questions of our time. I’m Gabriel Miller, and I’m the president and CEO of the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences
Official Language Policies at the Federal Level in Canada: Costs and Benefits in 2006 [16]
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Sources
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada#:~:text=%22Official%20bilingualism%22%20is%20the%20term,minorities%20in%20different%20provinces%2C%20and
- https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bilingualism#:~:text=Bilingualism%20is%20the%20ability%20to,official%20languages%2C%20English%20and%20French.
- https://www.dictionary.com/browse/bilingual#:~:text=adjective,facility%20of%20a%20native%20speaker.
- https://www.moncton.ca/my-govt-work/official-languages#:~:text=As%20Canada’s%20only%20officially%20bilingual,its%20Bilingualism%20in%20Moncton%20Committee.
- https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bilingualism
- https://www.lawnow.org/why-is-canada-a-bilingual-country/
- https://www.historymuseum.ca/history-hall/official-bilingualism/
- https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/september-2022/bilingualism-doomed-in-canada/
- https://www.academia.edu/61086327/The_territorial_concept_of_official_bilingualism_A_cheaper_alternative_for_Canada
- https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/check/art16.html
- https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/805808e1/full-steam-ahead-for-official-bilingualism-government-of-canada-tables-overhaul-of-official-languages-regulations
- https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220817/dq220817a-eng.htm
- https://publications.gc.ca/Pilot/LoPBdP/CIR/938-e.htm
- https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/the-saturday-debate/2021/08/21/the-saturday-debate-is-it-time-to-loosen-the-requirements-for-bilingualism-in-the-federal-government.html
- https://www.federationhss.ca/en/bilingualism-peril-canada
- https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/OfficialLanguagePolicies.pdf
